The astringent taste derives from the elements of air and earth. All three doshas can benefit from astringent in very small amounts, but it is more useful for Kapha
and Pitta than for Vata. It has a generally drying and constricting effect on bodily functions, and it reduces secretions produced by
the gastrointestinal organs. Beans, lentils, apples, and pears are astringent tasting foods, and most medicines are also astringent.